ABSTRACT
Background: Measles is highly contagious infectious disease and considered to be leading cause of death among young children. Although vaccination process of measles is well ascertained but still its associated morbidity and mortality is high among children of developing countries. This study was designed to see the level of measles IgG in children in District Bagh of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Methods: Measles IgG antibodies were screened in total of 250 school going children [4-8 years] in the District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir were enrolled. The subjects were grouped on age basis; Group A had children of 4-5 years, Group B comprised of children of 5-6 years, Group C contained children of 6-7 years and Group D had age 7-8 years. A The collected samples were transferred to the Molecular Virology Laboratories at National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad for detection of measles IgG antibodies. Measles antibodies were estimated by using kits for Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay
Results: There were 10 [4%] children in Group A, 18 [7.2%] were in Group B, 42 [16.8%] were in Group C, and 180 [72%] children were in Group D. Out of 250 children 61 [24.4%] were detected as unprotected and 13 [5.2%] were at borderline and 176 [70.4%] had protective antibody level against the measles virus
Conclusion: Significant number of children is under potential risk to develop measles infection. No significant relation could be established between disease, age, and gender
ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the BRCA1 gene for mutations in patients with breast and ovarian cancer belonging to different ethnic groups of the Pakistan with the aim to spot out recurrent founder mutations
Study Design: Descriptive study
Place And Duration: This study was conducted over a period of two years at the Centre for Research in Applied and Experimental Medicine, National University of Science and Technology [MUST], Rawalpindi
Methodology: In this study mutational analysis of 4 major exons of BRCA1 gene was performed in 40 diagnosed cases of female breast and ovarian cancer belonging to various ethnic backgrounds. The genomic DMA was isolated from the blood samples. Primers of BRCA1 gene were designed and used for amplification of the region of interest. Results were recorded on BIORAD Gel Documentation System. Sequencing of the gene for variants was done using Automated DMA Sequencer. Interpretation of chromatograms was done using Bioinformatics software
Results: The study group comprised of familial cases of breast and ovarian cancer with diverse ethnic composition that included Punjabis n=40 [40%], Kashmiris n=20 [20%] and Pathans n=20 [20%], Balouchis n=10 [10%] and Muhajirs n=10 [10%]. PCR amplified DMA from the samples revealed bands having both high quality and quantity of DMA. After extensively embarking on all four exons no functional sequence variant was detected in these chosen exons
Conclusion: Our results suggest the involvement of other coding sequences of this gene apart from those assessed in our study group. This emphasizes the need for assessing the complete BRCA1 gene in all ethnic groups located in Pakistani territory